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By: Carlos Durango P
MA in Communication University of North
Communication for Development, defined as a combination of participatory activities, communication approaches, methods and means for sharing information and knowledge among all stakeholders of a development process to ensure understanding mutual consensus leading to action, is, in concordance with the second edition of the Diagnostic Manual of Participatory Rural Communication, prepared by the Organization of the United Nations Food and Agriculture, an effective tool that facilitates participation population and its role in the generation processes of change, aimed at improving various aspects of his life.
The Concept of Development Communication has evolved as they have launched projects to try to secure development in Third World countries.
In the era of the 50 `s the American sociologist Daniel Lerner argued that it is possible achieve the extinction of the "traditional society" to make way for "modernization" of it, through experience based on innovation development in new media, especially through the use of television. Leren modernizing bases of leave from their studies of propaganda, in which he participated during the Second World War, and the possibility of a positive projection of stimuli and transmission of knowledge whose purpose was to remove the psychological and cultural states of underdevelopment [1] to give way to modernization. This thinking is part of the trend called "diffusion" which also include the proposals made by Everett Rogers and Wilbur Schramm .
Roggers Everett, rural sociologist at Iowa that afincaría the Michigan State University, gave continuity to the Lerner postulates related to the influence of communication on modernization, on the other hand studying the relationship between communication and the adoption and application of new technological applications, initially in the field of agriculture in the United States and subsequently in developing nations like Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, India, Nigeria and others. The basis of his theory were sitting in his Diffusion of Innovations, 1962, in which developed a complete analysis of how communities faced the interaction with the innovations and their levels of responsiveness. Roggers disclosed his theory of diffusion of innovations as an engine of modernization of society and characterized communities in different topologies according to their permeability. The innovative, easily adaptable, most fairly easy and refractories. According to their theories the behavior of communities must go through stages of awareness, interest, evaluation, testing and adoption of innovations, thereby reducing resistance to the receipt of the changes. Meanwhile
Wilbur Schramm, communications expert at Stanford University, became one of the most relevant theoretical dissemination, their book The Science of Human Communication, 1963, presents a series of analysis of communication, media and journalism, development of thought describes the communication as a circular process, non-directional, where sender and receiver have the capacity for dialogue and dialogue dynamics [2] , ie appear as a matter of "symmetry theory." It also studied the nature of communication as a process, elaborating on the ideas of Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz on the interaction and interpretation of the effects of media on different groups that make up society, formation of joint public and construction criteria on individuals' social environments.
The current "diffusion" has been criticized by several authors that indicate the presence of forms of neocolonialism, understood as the transfer of an ethnocentric view of development from the major centers of global decision. Jan Sarver, Director of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences KUBruselas, says that the media have been used as simple diffusion mechanisms responsible for promoting strategies social change through the dissemination of messages that encourage communities to accept and take ownership of development-oriented projects, regardless of such strategies differ considerably from the reality of developing countries. The communication process is limited to show the advantages of these proposed initiatives and recommend that they be supported [3] .
global multinational organizations such as FAO, UNESCO, PAHO, UNICEF, UNDP and the OAS and the Interamerican Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IICA) and private foundations that are among the Rockefeller, Kellogg and Ford, adopted from the sixties models Communication for Development by applying the operational formats of U.S. origin in training programs for the implementation of modern systems of agriculture, health and education in the developing countries.
These programs were premised on use of mass media as agents of change, as expressed in the Doctor of Social Communication, Luis Ramiro Beltran S, the gap between developed and in developing nations so huge ara that in 1962 the General Assembly of the United Nations recommended that Member States include in their plans for economic growth resources to help expand and improve significantly the development communication [4] .
Beltrán, raises a number of categorizations for the concept of communication in which they can locate some of the sponsored programs in Latin America with international resources and can serve also to identify other types of initiatives with greater opportunities for participation and democracy.
Communication for Development "in which the media have the ability to create a public atmosphere conducive to change, which is considered indispensable for the modernization of traditional societies through technological progress and economic growth model that about the early development efforts through media, implemented in Latin America.
"Development Support Communication" means communication to planned and organized, massive or not, as a key instrument for achieving practical goals that encourage development.
Y "Alternative Communication for Democratic Development" which is a bit closer to the actual idea of \u200b\u200bhow the communication should be present in projects aimed at development, balancing access and participation of people in communication processes, not only in pursuit of material gain, but also social justice and participation democratic decision-making affecting the community and of course in improving living conditions
The setback for development in the seventies, according to Beltran, and other causes accounted for the blind application of the imported model, which by their dependence and lack of knowledge about the real needs of populations, provided inadequate investment of millions of dollars, before improving the living conditions of the majority, increased the gap between rich and poor, allowing powerful minorities ownership of wealth, increasing debt and allow economic exchange models in which outlandish Development Powers sold at high prices, products made from purchased raw materials at low prices to third world countries.
The exaggeration of the powers vested in the mass media in the era of the seventies and the subsequent demonization in the eighties, led by Beltran, forget or ignore that the real influence and persuasive effects, taking into account the research done by many scientists, are processed and "distilled" through interpersonal relationships and cultural context from which messages are received, therefore the integration of communities in building communication processes development is essential. Jan
Sarver, states that communities can obtain information from impersonal sources like radio and television, but this information has relatively little effect on the behavioral changes needed to achieve development.
then the author proposes that the starting point for the correct development of a Communication Strategy for Development, should be the community, since it is here that the problems of living conditions and needs for interaction and communication are discussed and are part of the daily agenda. The most developed form of participation is from the standpoint of Sarver, the self. This principle implies the right to participate in the planning and production of media content strategies that integrate Communication for Development. This while recognizing the importance of the process with the participation of experts, development specialists, planners and institutional leaders.
We can say that the views of the public, its findings and suggestions should be considered before the communicative resources development projects are defined and distributed, enabling complete identification of communities with messages, achieving the objectives not only with the dissemination of knowledge, but also with community integration in the processes of communication.
to analyze community participation in building communication strategies for development, it is useful to refer to the reflections on the thought of the Brazilian Educator Paulo Freire of authors such as Juan Manuel Fernández Moreno [5] and Eduardo Meditsch [ 6] who analyzed from different points of Freire's contributions in the understanding of the relationship between communication, education and human society as a process in which through interactive dialogue between the parties comes the construction of knowledge. Work in Communication and Extension " Freire refers to the communication as liberating, as it returns the word to the oppressed.
Freire, differs from the practice of journalism in their striving for objectivity and denial of emotions and feelings. For him a true interpretation of a problem or need in a community setting is achieved once we can open the soul to the cultural context of the population which seeks a rapprochement. The effectiveness in validating the experiences depends, according to Freire, the ability of the researcher to "open his soul to the culture that develops the experience, learning to relate to the experience through multiple pathways. Open your soul culture and allowed to soak in the cultural and historic waters of the individuals involved in the experience " [7] .
We can say that Latin America has been a constant laboratory experiments aimed at discovering methods to achieve the integral development of peoples from different approaches, Luis Beltrán in their "kaleidoscopic review of 40 years of development communication in Latin America" \u200b\u200b [ 8] qualifies as an intense, varied, sustained and refined the activity on communication for development, reaching levels even higher than those of other Third World. Perhaps in this area of \u200b\u200bthe planet were presented sketches of communication to achieve development even before the existence of theories.
A series of challenges and great challenges for the implementation of communication for development and generating sustainable processes to achieve the Millennium Goals [9] are presented in the Compendium of Regional Perspectives in Communication for Development developed by FAO in 2007 [10] . The first refers to the need to bring those who have the power to make decisions - "decision makers" - the new concept of communication that goes beyond mere information and persuasion, and generate in them an understanding of the need for research-based communication planning to make a development viable.
The second relates to the shortage of professionals trained in the area of \u200b\u200bcommunication for development in all regions, and the confusion as to the depth and meaning of the Communication for Development, which has caused difficulty to find common language to help the process mean. This challenge is being understood by the colleges of education in Colombia, in some universities such as the Pontificia Bolivariana, offered to graduate students communications, the opportunity to see Communication for Development as a matter of choice. Another good example is the Masters in Communication from the Universidad del Norte in Barranquilla.
Advocacy, the combination of social actions designed to gain commitment, political support and social acceptance, is the third challenge. The presence of a government policy to support national and regional level, provide, according to the text of the FAO, the impulse to help accelerate the use of communication initiatives for development projects. Topic that was discussed during the seminar "Without communication there is no development", held in Lima in August 2007 which concluded the need to promote communication strategies in the definition of sustainable development and social change policies through a dialogue between civil society, development agencies and governments.
The fourth challenge is to integrate government agencies, academia and NGO `s strategic partners in the various tasks of communication for development, this challenge is most intense in regions of Asia, the Middle East and Africa, where participation of Non-Governmental Organizations is restricted by the central government.
And finally the fifth challenge concerns the proper use of new information technologies and communication, specifically the Internet, according to the FAO document, has opened the door to greater horizontal communication difficult to be controlled by governments, a good example is the recent communication citizens of Lebanon and Israel through blogs, during the war of 2006. Similarly, the excitement of the endless possibilities of the Global Information Network has led many makers decision to confuse the Internet (which is a tool) with the Communication for Development as such, a process that makes use of a wide range of methods and tools. Internet just one tool among many others that may be useful for the successful operation of the processes of communication for development.
Moreover concerted processes generating behavior change, and sustainable structural changes and the use of ICTs to connect people and give voice to "confuse" science and research centers, libraries, cultural, hospitals, health sector agencies, education, government, mass media and the community in general, is the Plan of Action based on international development goals, due to the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS, Geneva, December 2003), which also spoke of education to build information societies, fair and democratic, where the digital divide is minimal and most of the regions I agree to the possibilities of development through communication.
Communication was recognized as a fundamental social process, the Declaration of the representatives of Civil Society in the WSIS, where communication is also understood as a basic need of mankind and the foundation of all social organization.
"Everyone, everywhere and at any time, should have the opportunity to participate in processes communication, and nobody should be excluded from these benefits. We aim to build societies where information and communication development is framed by fundamental human rights and aimed at achieving a more equitable distribution of resources, pursuing the elimination of poverty in a non-exploitative and environmentally sustainable. In pursuit of this goal, we believe that technologies can be engaged as fundamental means, rather than as an end in themselves, recognizing that building bridges to close the digital divide is only one step on the way to achieve development. " [11]
These issues and challenges for Communication for Development, we undertake as researchers to turn their eyes to people, their customs, their traditions and the peculiarities of their environments in order to really understand what changes they might mean in their improvement of their living conditions without the need to transform their identity.
Latin America and especially the departments that make up the Colombian Caribbean region, have yet, a large number of problems that can be approached from the communication to achieve development, it is necessary to engage in this initiative to the regional governments, local and national news and to academia and organizations NGOs, in order to coordinate actions to achieve structural changes and other specific objectives according to the needs of each population.
The mixture of the many theories and ideas that are born from research and practice can help to achieve successful projects of Communication for Development.
Bibliography:
UNESCO Chair University of Malaga Spain. Communication Society and Culture, and Thought Journal Profile (Daniel Lerner, Wilbur Schramm, Everett Roggers) BDN InfoAmericas, Revised April 25, 2009. Http://www.infoamerica.org/teoria/lerner1.htm
Schramm, Wilbur (1954), The Process and Effects of Mass Communication, University of Illinois Press, Illinois.
Sarver, Jan, (2001), "Communication for Development: three paradigms, two models", Journal of Communication Issues and Problems. Year 9 Vol 10, pp 7 -27.
Beltran, Ramiro (1993), Communication for Development in Latin America, a brief assessment after forty years. Opening address to the Fourth Round Table on Communication and Development organized by the Institute for Latin America (IPAL) in Lima, Peru, between 23 and 26 February 1993.
Fernández, Juan M, (1999), "Paulo Freire: A Proposal Communication for Education in Latin America, "Reason Magazine and the Word, Vol 4 Year 13, http://www.razonypalabra.org.mx/anteriores/n13/freirem13.html.
UNESCO Chair University of Malaga, Spain. The thought of Paulo Freire on Journalism and Media - Eduardo Bittencourt Mariana Meditsch and Faraz. He revised April 26, 2009. http://www.infoamerica.org/teoria_articulos/freire2.htm
UN Millennium Goals in progress, he issued April 26, 2009. http://www.un.org/spanish/millenniumgoals/
FAO Research and Extension Division Natural Resources and Environment Department (2007). "A compendium of Regional Perspectives in Communication for Development." Rome.
WSIS Civil Society Declaration to the World Summit on the Information Society (2003), Revised April 27, 2009. http / / wsis-cs.org / y http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/civil-society-declaration-es.pdf
[1] Communication Society and Culture , Journal Profile and Thought (Daniel Lerner) BDN InfoAmericas - http://www.infoamerica.org/teoria/lerner1.htm
[2] Process and Effects of Mass Communication, 1954
[3] COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT: three paradigms, two models-Jan Sarvas
[4] Communication for Development in Latin America, after a brief assessment of forty-luis Ramiro Beltrán
[5] PAULO FREIRE: A PROPOSAL OF COMMUNICATION FOR EDUCATION IN LATIN AMERICA - Reason and Word, n13, January-March 1999
[6] Pensamento O Paulo Freire e Mídia Journalism -
[7] dialogued FREIRE com Sérgio Guimarães taken from "O Pensamento of Paulo Freire on Journalism and Mídia"
[8] Luis Beltran - Communication for Development in Latin America, after a brief assessment of forty
[ 9] Millennium Development Goals of the UN - http://www.un.org/spanish/millenniumgoals/
[10] A compendium of Regional Perspectives in Communication for Development. Research and Extension Division Natural Resources and Environment Department FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Rome, 2007
[11] Civil Society Declaration to the World Summit on the Information Society, adopted unanimously by the plenary of the WSIS Civil Society on December 8, 2003
MA in Communication University of North
Communication for Development, defined as a combination of participatory activities, communication approaches, methods and means for sharing information and knowledge among all stakeholders of a development process to ensure understanding mutual consensus leading to action, is, in concordance with the second edition of the Diagnostic Manual of Participatory Rural Communication, prepared by the Organization of the United Nations Food and Agriculture, an effective tool that facilitates participation population and its role in the generation processes of change, aimed at improving various aspects of his life.
The Concept of Development Communication has evolved as they have launched projects to try to secure development in Third World countries.
In the era of the 50 `s the American sociologist Daniel Lerner argued that it is possible achieve the extinction of the "traditional society" to make way for "modernization" of it, through experience based on innovation development in new media, especially through the use of television. Leren modernizing bases of leave from their studies of propaganda, in which he participated during the Second World War, and the possibility of a positive projection of stimuli and transmission of knowledge whose purpose was to remove the psychological and cultural states of underdevelopment [1] to give way to modernization. This thinking is part of the trend called "diffusion" which also include the proposals made by Everett Rogers and Wilbur Schramm .
Roggers Everett, rural sociologist at Iowa that afincaría the Michigan State University, gave continuity to the Lerner postulates related to the influence of communication on modernization, on the other hand studying the relationship between communication and the adoption and application of new technological applications, initially in the field of agriculture in the United States and subsequently in developing nations like Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, India, Nigeria and others. The basis of his theory were sitting in his Diffusion of Innovations, 1962, in which developed a complete analysis of how communities faced the interaction with the innovations and their levels of responsiveness. Roggers disclosed his theory of diffusion of innovations as an engine of modernization of society and characterized communities in different topologies according to their permeability. The innovative, easily adaptable, most fairly easy and refractories. According to their theories the behavior of communities must go through stages of awareness, interest, evaluation, testing and adoption of innovations, thereby reducing resistance to the receipt of the changes. Meanwhile
Wilbur Schramm, communications expert at Stanford University, became one of the most relevant theoretical dissemination, their book The Science of Human Communication, 1963, presents a series of analysis of communication, media and journalism, development of thought describes the communication as a circular process, non-directional, where sender and receiver have the capacity for dialogue and dialogue dynamics [2] , ie appear as a matter of "symmetry theory." It also studied the nature of communication as a process, elaborating on the ideas of Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz on the interaction and interpretation of the effects of media on different groups that make up society, formation of joint public and construction criteria on individuals' social environments.
The current "diffusion" has been criticized by several authors that indicate the presence of forms of neocolonialism, understood as the transfer of an ethnocentric view of development from the major centers of global decision. Jan Sarver, Director of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences KUBruselas, says that the media have been used as simple diffusion mechanisms responsible for promoting strategies social change through the dissemination of messages that encourage communities to accept and take ownership of development-oriented projects, regardless of such strategies differ considerably from the reality of developing countries. The communication process is limited to show the advantages of these proposed initiatives and recommend that they be supported [3] .
global multinational organizations such as FAO, UNESCO, PAHO, UNICEF, UNDP and the OAS and the Interamerican Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IICA) and private foundations that are among the Rockefeller, Kellogg and Ford, adopted from the sixties models Communication for Development by applying the operational formats of U.S. origin in training programs for the implementation of modern systems of agriculture, health and education in the developing countries.
These programs were premised on use of mass media as agents of change, as expressed in the Doctor of Social Communication, Luis Ramiro Beltran S, the gap between developed and in developing nations so huge ara that in 1962 the General Assembly of the United Nations recommended that Member States include in their plans for economic growth resources to help expand and improve significantly the development communication [4] .
Beltrán, raises a number of categorizations for the concept of communication in which they can locate some of the sponsored programs in Latin America with international resources and can serve also to identify other types of initiatives with greater opportunities for participation and democracy.
Communication for Development "in which the media have the ability to create a public atmosphere conducive to change, which is considered indispensable for the modernization of traditional societies through technological progress and economic growth model that about the early development efforts through media, implemented in Latin America.
"Development Support Communication" means communication to planned and organized, massive or not, as a key instrument for achieving practical goals that encourage development.
Y "Alternative Communication for Democratic Development" which is a bit closer to the actual idea of \u200b\u200bhow the communication should be present in projects aimed at development, balancing access and participation of people in communication processes, not only in pursuit of material gain, but also social justice and participation democratic decision-making affecting the community and of course in improving living conditions
The setback for development in the seventies, according to Beltran, and other causes accounted for the blind application of the imported model, which by their dependence and lack of knowledge about the real needs of populations, provided inadequate investment of millions of dollars, before improving the living conditions of the majority, increased the gap between rich and poor, allowing powerful minorities ownership of wealth, increasing debt and allow economic exchange models in which outlandish Development Powers sold at high prices, products made from purchased raw materials at low prices to third world countries.
The exaggeration of the powers vested in the mass media in the era of the seventies and the subsequent demonization in the eighties, led by Beltran, forget or ignore that the real influence and persuasive effects, taking into account the research done by many scientists, are processed and "distilled" through interpersonal relationships and cultural context from which messages are received, therefore the integration of communities in building communication processes development is essential. Jan
Sarver, states that communities can obtain information from impersonal sources like radio and television, but this information has relatively little effect on the behavioral changes needed to achieve development.
then the author proposes that the starting point for the correct development of a Communication Strategy for Development, should be the community, since it is here that the problems of living conditions and needs for interaction and communication are discussed and are part of the daily agenda. The most developed form of participation is from the standpoint of Sarver, the self. This principle implies the right to participate in the planning and production of media content strategies that integrate Communication for Development. This while recognizing the importance of the process with the participation of experts, development specialists, planners and institutional leaders.
We can say that the views of the public, its findings and suggestions should be considered before the communicative resources development projects are defined and distributed, enabling complete identification of communities with messages, achieving the objectives not only with the dissemination of knowledge, but also with community integration in the processes of communication.
to analyze community participation in building communication strategies for development, it is useful to refer to the reflections on the thought of the Brazilian Educator Paulo Freire of authors such as Juan Manuel Fernández Moreno [5] and Eduardo Meditsch [ 6] who analyzed from different points of Freire's contributions in the understanding of the relationship between communication, education and human society as a process in which through interactive dialogue between the parties comes the construction of knowledge. Work in Communication and Extension " Freire refers to the communication as liberating, as it returns the word to the oppressed.
Freire, differs from the practice of journalism in their striving for objectivity and denial of emotions and feelings. For him a true interpretation of a problem or need in a community setting is achieved once we can open the soul to the cultural context of the population which seeks a rapprochement. The effectiveness in validating the experiences depends, according to Freire, the ability of the researcher to "open his soul to the culture that develops the experience, learning to relate to the experience through multiple pathways. Open your soul culture and allowed to soak in the cultural and historic waters of the individuals involved in the experience " [7] .
We can say that Latin America has been a constant laboratory experiments aimed at discovering methods to achieve the integral development of peoples from different approaches, Luis Beltrán in their "kaleidoscopic review of 40 years of development communication in Latin America" \u200b\u200b [ 8] qualifies as an intense, varied, sustained and refined the activity on communication for development, reaching levels even higher than those of other Third World. Perhaps in this area of \u200b\u200bthe planet were presented sketches of communication to achieve development even before the existence of theories.
A series of challenges and great challenges for the implementation of communication for development and generating sustainable processes to achieve the Millennium Goals [9] are presented in the Compendium of Regional Perspectives in Communication for Development developed by FAO in 2007 [10] . The first refers to the need to bring those who have the power to make decisions - "decision makers" - the new concept of communication that goes beyond mere information and persuasion, and generate in them an understanding of the need for research-based communication planning to make a development viable.
The second relates to the shortage of professionals trained in the area of \u200b\u200bcommunication for development in all regions, and the confusion as to the depth and meaning of the Communication for Development, which has caused difficulty to find common language to help the process mean. This challenge is being understood by the colleges of education in Colombia, in some universities such as the Pontificia Bolivariana, offered to graduate students communications, the opportunity to see Communication for Development as a matter of choice. Another good example is the Masters in Communication from the Universidad del Norte in Barranquilla.
Advocacy, the combination of social actions designed to gain commitment, political support and social acceptance, is the third challenge. The presence of a government policy to support national and regional level, provide, according to the text of the FAO, the impulse to help accelerate the use of communication initiatives for development projects. Topic that was discussed during the seminar "Without communication there is no development", held in Lima in August 2007 which concluded the need to promote communication strategies in the definition of sustainable development and social change policies through a dialogue between civil society, development agencies and governments.
The fourth challenge is to integrate government agencies, academia and NGO `s strategic partners in the various tasks of communication for development, this challenge is most intense in regions of Asia, the Middle East and Africa, where participation of Non-Governmental Organizations is restricted by the central government.
And finally the fifth challenge concerns the proper use of new information technologies and communication, specifically the Internet, according to the FAO document, has opened the door to greater horizontal communication difficult to be controlled by governments, a good example is the recent communication citizens of Lebanon and Israel through blogs, during the war of 2006. Similarly, the excitement of the endless possibilities of the Global Information Network has led many makers decision to confuse the Internet (which is a tool) with the Communication for Development as such, a process that makes use of a wide range of methods and tools. Internet just one tool among many others that may be useful for the successful operation of the processes of communication for development.
Moreover concerted processes generating behavior change, and sustainable structural changes and the use of ICTs to connect people and give voice to "confuse" science and research centers, libraries, cultural, hospitals, health sector agencies, education, government, mass media and the community in general, is the Plan of Action based on international development goals, due to the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS, Geneva, December 2003), which also spoke of education to build information societies, fair and democratic, where the digital divide is minimal and most of the regions I agree to the possibilities of development through communication.
Communication was recognized as a fundamental social process, the Declaration of the representatives of Civil Society in the WSIS, where communication is also understood as a basic need of mankind and the foundation of all social organization.
"Everyone, everywhere and at any time, should have the opportunity to participate in processes communication, and nobody should be excluded from these benefits. We aim to build societies where information and communication development is framed by fundamental human rights and aimed at achieving a more equitable distribution of resources, pursuing the elimination of poverty in a non-exploitative and environmentally sustainable. In pursuit of this goal, we believe that technologies can be engaged as fundamental means, rather than as an end in themselves, recognizing that building bridges to close the digital divide is only one step on the way to achieve development. " [11]
These issues and challenges for Communication for Development, we undertake as researchers to turn their eyes to people, their customs, their traditions and the peculiarities of their environments in order to really understand what changes they might mean in their improvement of their living conditions without the need to transform their identity.
Latin America and especially the departments that make up the Colombian Caribbean region, have yet, a large number of problems that can be approached from the communication to achieve development, it is necessary to engage in this initiative to the regional governments, local and national news and to academia and organizations NGOs, in order to coordinate actions to achieve structural changes and other specific objectives according to the needs of each population.
The mixture of the many theories and ideas that are born from research and practice can help to achieve successful projects of Communication for Development.
Bibliography:
UNESCO Chair University of Malaga Spain. Communication Society and Culture, and Thought Journal Profile (Daniel Lerner, Wilbur Schramm, Everett Roggers) BDN InfoAmericas, Revised April 25, 2009. Http://www.infoamerica.org/teoria/lerner1.htm
Schramm, Wilbur (1954), The Process and Effects of Mass Communication, University of Illinois Press, Illinois.
Sarver, Jan, (2001), "Communication for Development: three paradigms, two models", Journal of Communication Issues and Problems. Year 9 Vol 10, pp 7 -27.
Beltran, Ramiro (1993), Communication for Development in Latin America, a brief assessment after forty years. Opening address to the Fourth Round Table on Communication and Development organized by the Institute for Latin America (IPAL) in Lima, Peru, between 23 and 26 February 1993.
Fernández, Juan M, (1999), "Paulo Freire: A Proposal Communication for Education in Latin America, "Reason Magazine and the Word, Vol 4 Year 13, http://www.razonypalabra.org.mx/anteriores/n13/freirem13.html.
UNESCO Chair University of Malaga, Spain. The thought of Paulo Freire on Journalism and Media - Eduardo Bittencourt Mariana Meditsch and Faraz. He revised April 26, 2009. http://www.infoamerica.org/teoria_articulos/freire2.htm
UN Millennium Goals in progress, he issued April 26, 2009. http://www.un.org/spanish/millenniumgoals/
FAO Research and Extension Division Natural Resources and Environment Department (2007). "A compendium of Regional Perspectives in Communication for Development." Rome.
WSIS Civil Society Declaration to the World Summit on the Information Society (2003), Revised April 27, 2009. http / / wsis-cs.org / y http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/civil-society-declaration-es.pdf
[1] Communication Society and Culture , Journal Profile and Thought (Daniel Lerner) BDN InfoAmericas - http://www.infoamerica.org/teoria/lerner1.htm
[2] Process and Effects of Mass Communication, 1954
[3] COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT: three paradigms, two models-Jan Sarvas
[4] Communication for Development in Latin America, after a brief assessment of forty-luis Ramiro Beltrán
[5] PAULO FREIRE: A PROPOSAL OF COMMUNICATION FOR EDUCATION IN LATIN AMERICA - Reason and Word, n13, January-March 1999
[6] Pensamento O Paulo Freire e Mídia Journalism -
[7] dialogued FREIRE com Sérgio Guimarães taken from "O Pensamento of Paulo Freire on Journalism and Mídia"
[8] Luis Beltran - Communication for Development in Latin America, after a brief assessment of forty
[ 9] Millennium Development Goals of the UN - http://www.un.org/spanish/millenniumgoals/
[10] A compendium of Regional Perspectives in Communication for Development. Research and Extension Division Natural Resources and Environment Department FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Rome, 2007
[11] Civil Society Declaration to the World Summit on the Information Society, adopted unanimously by the plenary of the WSIS Civil Society on December 8, 2003
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